Discussion:
General Motors
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| Type | Limited Liability Company (Previously NYSE: GM) |
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| Industry | Automotive |
| Founded | 1908 |
| Founder(s) | William C. Durant |
| Headquarters | Detroit, Michigan, United States |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Key people | Edward Whitacre, Jr. (Chairman & CEO) |
| Products | Automobiles |
| Owner(s) | United States Department of the Treasury (61%) United Auto Workers Union |
| Employees | 204,000 in over 144 countries (2009) |
| Divisions | Chevrolet Buick Cadillac GMC |
| Subsidiaries | AC Delco Adam Opel GmbH Vauxhall Motors General Motors Canada General Motors do Brasil General Motors India General Motors Ventures Global Hybrid Cooperation General Motors South Africa GM-AvtoVAZ GM Daewoo (70.1%) GM Holden Ltd GM Performance Division OnStar |
| Website | www.gm.com |
General Motors Company, also known as GM, is a United States-based automaker with headquarters in Detroit, Michigan. GM manufactures cars and trucks in 34 countries, recently employed 244,500 people around the world, and sells and services vehicles in some 140 countries. By sales, GM ranked as the largest US automaker and the world's second largest for 2008, having the third highest 2008 global revenues among automakers on the Fortune Global 500.
On June 1, 2009, General Motors filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings, which were completed on July 10 of the same year, and it was thereafter reorganized once a new entity acquired the most valuable assets. GM is now temporarily majority owned by the United States Treasury and, to a smaller extent, the Canada Development Investment Corporation and the government of Ontario, with the US government investing a total of US$57.6 billion under the Troubled Asset Relief Program.
GM plans to focus its business on its four core North American brands: Chevrolet, Buick, GMC, and Cadillac. In Europe, following a period of negotiation to sell a majority stake in its Opel and Vauxhall brands, the company decided to retain full ownership of these operations. GM sold Saab Automobile to Spyker Cars NV, and is winding down its Hummer, Pontiac, and Saturn brands; the latter two remaining under the old GM, now known as Motors Liquidation Company.
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Company overview
General Motors GMT800 truck assembly line.
In 2009, General Motors employs approximately 244,500 people around the world. The Renaissance Center located in Detroit, Michigan, United States, is the global headquarters of General Motors. In 2008, GM sold 8.35 million cars and trucks globally. GM is the majority shareholder in GM Daewoo Auto & Technology Co. of South Korea and has collaborations with Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation of China, AvtoVAZ of Russia, and most recently, UzAvtoSanoat of Uzbekistan. GM has had collaborations with various automakers including Fiat (see GM/Fiat Premium platform) and Ford Motor Company. GM retains various stakes in different automakers. General Motors' best success internationally has unquestionbly been its performance in China, where GM's sales rose 66.9% in 2009, selling 1,830,000 vehicles and accounting for 13.4% of the market.
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Structure
See also: Cadillac, Buick, GMC (automobile), Chevrolet, List of GM factories, and List of GM engines
General Motors is structured into the following operating groups:
| Group | Number of employees March 2009 |
| GMAP (GM Asia-Pacific) | 33,000 |
| GME (GM Europe) | 55,000 |
| GM LAAM (GM Latin America, Africa and the Middle East) | 33,000 |
| GMNA (GM North America) | 112,000 |
| Other operations | 2,000 |
| Total number of employees | 235,000 |
Management
The Renaissance Center in Detroit, Michigan, is the world headquarters of General Motors.
On July 23, 2009, GM announced its new Board of Directors: Daniel F. Akerson, David Bonderman, Robert D. Krebs, Patricia F. Russo and Ed Whitacre (GM Chairman & Interim CEO) Board members who are not GM employees will be paid US$200,000 annually.
As of December 1, 2009, The General Motors Board Of Directors accepted Frederick Henderson's resignation. In January 2010, chairman Ed Whitacre was appointed permanent CEO after previously serving in an interim capacity.
On December 4, 2009, GM announced leadership changes in a press release.
- Edward Whitacre, Jr. - Chairman of the Board of the Directors and CEO
- Robert A. Lutz - Vice Chairman, advisor on design and global product development
- Chris Liddell - Vice Chairman and Chief Financial Officer
- Thomas G. Stephens - Vice Chairman, Global Product Operations
- Mark Reuss - President, GM North America
- David N. Reilly - President, GM Europe/Adam Opel GmbH
- Timothy E. Lee - President, GM International Operations (Asia-Pacific, Latin America, Africa, and Middle East)
- Ray Young - vice president, International Operations
- Edward T. Welburn - Global Vice President of General Motors Design, current and only the sixth head designer.
For additional Senior Management see GM Senior Leadership Group
Mr. Whitacre was very active in commercials of General Motors. He appeared in an ad touting the company's 60-day, money-back guarantee soon after the company exited bankruptcy and a TV ad that boasted the repayment of $6.7 billion loan from government ahead of schedule, which caused a controversy.
General Motors is a conglomerate.
History
Main article: History of General Motors
General Motors was founded on September 16, 1908, in Flint, Michigan, as a holding company for Buick, then controlled by William C. Durant. General Motors Co-Founder was Charles Stewart Mott, whose carriage company was merged into Buick prior to GM's creation. Over the years Mott became the largest single stockholder in GM and spent his life with his Mott Foundation, whose benefit was shone on the City of Flint, Michigan, his adopted home. It acquired Oldsmobile later that year. In 1909, Durant brought in Cadillac, Elmore, Oakland and several others. Also in 1909, General Motors acquired the Reliance Motor Truck Company of Owosso, Michigan, and the Rapid Motor Vehicle Company of Pontiac, Michigan, the predecessors of GMC Truck. Durant lost control of GM in 1910 to a bankers' trust, because of the large amount of debt taken on in its acquisitions coupled with a collapse in new vehicle sales. The next year, Durant started the Chevrolet Motor Car Company and through this he secretly purchased a controlling interest in GM. Durant took back control of the company after one of the most dramatic proxy wars in American business history. Durant then reorganized General Motors Company into General Motors Corporation. Shortly after, he again lost control, this time for good, after the new vehicle market collapsed. Alfred P. Sloan was picked to take charge of the corporation and led it to its post war global dominance. This unprecedented growth of GM would last into the early 1980s when it employed 349,000 workers and operated 150 assembly plants.
GM previously led in global sales for 77 consecutive years (1931 to 2008), longer than any other automaker.
Chapter 11 reorganization
Main article: General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization
On July 10, 2009, a new entity, NGMCO Inc. purchased the ongoing operations and trademarks from General Motors Corporation. The purchasing company in turn changed its name from NGMCO Inc. to General Motors Company, marking the emergence of a new operation from the "pre-packaged" Chapter 11 reorganization. Under the reorganization process, termed a 363 sale (for Section 363 which is located in Title 11, Chapter 3, Subchapter IV of the United States Code, a part of the Bankruptcy Code), the purchaser of the assets of a company in bankruptcy proceedings is able to obtain approval for the purchase from the court prior to the submission of a re-organization plan, free of liens and other claims. It’s used in most Chapter 11 cases that involve a sale of property or other assets. This process is typical of large organizations with complex branding and intellectual property rights issues upon exiting bankruptcy. The new company plans to issue an initial public offering (IPO) of stock in 2010.
GM's remaining pre-petition creditors' claims are paid from the remaining assets of Motors Liquidation Company, the new name of the former General Motors Corporation, although the directors of that company believe its debts far outweigh its assets. This means that while the former GM's bondholders may recover a small portion of their investment, former GM shareholders (now shareholders of Motors Liquidation Company) will likely not receive anything.
Also on July 10, 2009, GM announced plans to trim its U.S. workforce by 20,000 employees as part of its reorganization by the end of 2009 due to economic conditions.
The following table is a comparison (estimates) of the new GM and the old GM:
| Old GM (before July 10, 2009) | New GM (after July 10, 2009) | |
|---|---|---|
| Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMDaewoo (48.2%), GMC, Holden, Hummer, Opel, Pontiac, Saab, Saturn, Vauxhall | Brands | Buick, Cadillac, Chevrolet, GMDaewoo (70.1%), GMC, Holden, Opel, Vauxhall |
| 5,900 | US Dealerships | 5000 |
| Common shareholders, bondholders and secured creditors | Ownership | The United States Treasury, the Canada Development Investment Corporation, Government of Ontario, Old GM bondholders, and UAW union |
| 47 | US Plants | 34 |
| US$94.7 B | Debt | US$17 B |
| 91,000 | US employees | 68,500 |
North America
Core brand focus
In North America, GM will focus primarily on its four core brands — Chevrolet, Cadillac, Buick, and GMC — while selling, discontinuing, or scaling back its other brands. The White House characterized the GM restructuring as a shift toward a new leaner, greener GM, which will aim to break even with annual sales much lower than previously stated. President Obama declared that the restructuring "will mark the end of an old GM, and the beginning of a new GM; a new GM that can produce the high-quality, safe, and fuel-efficient cars of tomorrow; that can lead America towards an energy independent future; and that is once more a symbol of America's success."
In the middle of 2005, GM announced that its corporate chrome emblem "Mark of Excellence" would begin appearing on all recently introduced and all-new 2006 model vehicles produced and sold in North America. However, in 2009 the "New GM" reversed this, saying that emphasis on its four core brands would dictate downplaying the GM name.
Sales
U.S. sales figures
| Calendar Year | Total U.S. sales | Chg/yr. |
|---|---|---|
| 1998 | 4,603,991 | |
| 1999 | 5,017,150 | ▲9.0% |
| 2000 | 4,953,163 | ▼1.3% |
| 2001 | 4,904,015 | ▼1.0% |
| 2002 | 4,858,705 | ▼0.9% |
| 2003 | 4,756,403 | ▼2.1% |
| 2004 | 4,707,416 | ▼1.0% |
| 2005 | 4,517,730 | ▼4.0% |
| 2006 | 4,124,645 | ▼8.7% |
| 2007 | 3,866,620 | ▼6.3% |
| 2008 | 2,980,688 | ▼22.9% |
| 2009 | 2,084,492 | ▼30.1% |
| 2010 (January-May) | 882,885 | ▲ 14% |
In 2005, GM promoted sales through an "employee discount" to all buyers. Marketed as the lowest possible price, GM cleared an inventory buildup of 2005 models to make way for its 2006 lineup.
SUV sales
In 2008, rapidly rising gasoline prices resulted in a 30% drop-off of sales of SUVs. These had been GM's most profitable product, often returning profits of US$10,000 to US$15,000 per vehicle. Sales of SUVs had been decreasing since 2004, and in May 2008, a US$2 billion investment program for a new SUV platform, the CXX program, was canceled. During the first 6 months of 2008, GM lost $18.8 billion; by late October, its stock had dropped 76%, and it was considering a merger with Chrysler. In only 12 months (October 2007-2008), GM sales in the US dropped 45 percent. GM's concentration on SUVs as a profit center dated from the 1990s.
General Motors plant in Arlington, Texas produces its largest SUVs. On Tuesday, December 23, 2008, the Janesville, Wisconsin plant, which produced the Chevrolet Tahoe, the Suburban, and the GMC Yukon, and the Moraine, Ohio plant which produced the Chevrolet Trailblazer and the GMC Envoy idled production. GM has yet to confirm future product plans for the idled facilities.
Small car sales
"As part of General Motors Company (GM)'s restructuring, it plans to revive one of its idled U.S. factories for the production of a small car (the factories under consideration included one in or near the cars in bus ville and Orion Township areas of Michigan, one in Wisconsin, and one in Tennessee; the factory in Michigan was ultimately selected to be revived, but only 1,200 out of a former 3,400 jobs will be left). The new small car will add to a group of small and fuel-efficient vehicles that the company is planning to roll out in the near future. The retooled plant will be capable of building 160,000 cars annually, including both small and compact vehicles.
Canada
In March 2005, the Government of Canada provided C$200 million in incentives to General Motors for its Ontario plants to expand production and provide jobs, according to Jim Harris. Similar incentives were promised to non-North American auto companies like Toyota. Ontario Premier Dalton McGuinty, said the money pledged for the project by the Government of Ontario and by the federal government was well spent.
China
The Buick brand is especially strong in China, led by the Buick Excelle subcompact. The last emperor of China owned a Buick. The Cadillac brand was introduced in China in 2004, starting with imports from the United States. GM pushed the marketing of the Chevrolet brand in China in 2005 as well, moving the former Buick Sail to that marque. The company manufactures most of its China market vehicles locally through Shanghai GM, a joint venture with the Chinese company SAIC, which was created on March 25, 1997. The Shanghai GM plant was officially opened on December 15, 1998, when the first Chinese-built Buick came off the assembly line. The SAIC-GM-Wuling Automobile joint-venture is also successfully selling trucks and vans under the Wuling marque (34% owned by GM).
GM increased its sales in China by 68 percent to 230,048 vehicles in March 2010, outsold its U.S. sales of 188,546 by 22 percent. And the company said it is “on track” to sell more than 2 million vehicles in China in 2010, four years ahead of its plan.
GM plans to invest $250m to create a research facility in Shanghai to develop hybrid cars and alternative fuel vehicles.
Global ranking
GM officially ranks as the world’s second largest manufacturer as measured by OICA in 2008. In 2009, it was widely reported that the Volkswagen Group had bypassed General Motors as the world's second largest auto maker. However, this was not the case. According to data published by all three companies, Toyota Group did lead in 2009 with 7.23 million units. General Motors ended the year in place 2 with 6.503 million units. Volkswagen was third with 6.29 million units delivered to customers. Official OICA numbers for the preceding year are published in summer of the following year. In the first quarter of 2010, according to data provided by all three manufacturers, this trend continued. Volkswagen remains in place 3 with 1.73 million units delivered. GM is in 2nd place with 1.99 million units sold. Toyota Group ranks number one with 2.31 million units sold.
Labor relations
Main article: 2007 General Motors strike
On September 24, 2007 General Motors workers represented by the United Auto Workers union went on the first nationwide strike against GM since 1970. The ripple effect of the strike reached into Canada the following day as two car assembly plants and a transmission facility were forced to close. Overnight a tentative agreement was reached, however, and UAW officials declared the end of the strike in a news conference at 4 a.m. on September 26. By the following day, all GM workers in both countries were back to work.
A new labor contract was ratified by UAW members exactly one week after the tentative agreement was reached, passing by a majority 62% vote. In the contract are several product and employment guarantees stretching well into the next decade. One of GM's key future products, the Chevy Volt, was promised to the GM Poletown/Detroit-Hamtramck plant in 2010. Also included is a VEBA (Voluntary Employee Beneficiary Association) which will transfer retiree health care obligations to the UAW by 2010. This eliminates more than $50 billion from GM's healthcare tab. It will be funded by $30 billion in cash and $1.4 billion in GM stock paid to the UAW over the next four years of the contract. It also eliminates 70% of the labor cost gap with GM's Japanese rivals.
A strike at American Axle and Manufacturing Holdings Inc. will result in lost production of an additional 230,000 vehicles in the second quarter, with an estimated $1.8 billion impact on earnings before tax, and a total strike cost of $2.81 billion.
Together with the United Auto Workers, GM created a joint venture dedicated to the quality of life needs of employees in 1985. The UAW-GM Center for human resources in Detroit is dedicated to providing GM salaried employees and GM UAW members programs and services related to medical care, diversity issues, education, training and tuition assistance, as well as programs related to work and family concerns, in addition to the traditional union-employer health and safety partnership.
2008 Canadian Auto Workers bargaining
In an unusual move, GM Canada and the Canadian Auto Workers (CAW) union ratified a new collective bargaining contract in May 2008, four months before the expiration of the existing contract. As part of the agreement, among other production commitments, GM pledged to maintain production at the Oshawa, Ontario pickup truck plant. Less than three weeks later, GM announced that rising gasoline prices and falling truck sales made it necessary to close certain truck and SUV plants, including the Oshawa pickup plant. In response, CAW members staged a 12-day blockade of the GM Canada headquarters. After further discussions with the CAW, GM agreed to compensate workers at the truck plant, as well as making product commitments for the Oshawa car assembly plant.
Labor costs
GM announced elimination of lifetime health benefits for about 100,000 of its white collar retirees at the end of 2008.
Auto racing
General Motors has an extensive history in numerous forms of racing. In particular, the Chevrolet Corvette has long been popular and successful in international road racing. GM also is a supplier of racing components, such as engines, transmissions, and electronics equipments.
GM's Oldsmobile Aurora engine platform was successful in the Indy Racing League (IRL) throughout the 1990s, winning many races in the small V-8 class. GM has also done much work in the development of electronics for GM auto racing. An unmodified Aurora V-8 in the Aerotech, captured 47 world records, including the record for speed endurance in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America. Recently, the Cadillac V-Series has entered motorsports racing. GM has also used many cars in the American racing series NASCAR. Currently the Chevrolet Impala is the only entry in the series but in the past the Pontiac Grand Prix, Buick Regal, Oldsmobile Cutlass, Chevrolet Lumina, Chevrolet Malibu, and the Chevrolet Monte Carlo were also used.
In touring cars (mainly in Europe), Vauxhall is a key player and former champion in the British Touring Car Championship (BTCC) series and competes with a Vauxhall Vectra in Super 2000 spec, although have announced plans to withdraw at the end of 2009. Opel used to participate in the DTM series and also in the 1980s in the World Rally Championship and other Rally Series with Group B Spec Opel Manta's before this category of Rallying was banned. Chevrolet competes with a Chevrolet Cruze in the FIA World Touring Car Championship (WTCC). Tempus Sport and RML also compete with privately run Lacettis in the BTCC.
In Australia, there is the prestigious V8 Supercar Championship which is battled out by the two main rivals of (GM) Holden and Ford. The current Holden Racing Team cars are based on the Holden Commodore and run a 5.0-litre V8-cylinder engine producing 635 bhp (474 kW). These cars have a top speed of 294 km/h (183 mph) and run 0–100 km/h in 3.8 seconds. The Holden Racing Team is Australia's most successful team in Australian Touring Car History. In 2006 & 2007, the Drivers championship was won by the very closely linked HSV Dealer Team.
Alternative propulsion initiatives
The company has long worked on alternative-technology vehicles, and has recently led the industry with ethanol burning flexible-fuel vehicles that can run on either E85 (ethanol) or gasoline. The company was the first to use turbochargers and was an early proponent of V6 engines in the 1960s, but quickly lost interest as the muscle car race took hold. They demonstrated gas turbine vehicles powered by kerosene, an area of interest throughout the industry, but abandoned the alternative engine configuration in view of the 1973 oil crisis. In the 1970s and 1980s, GM pushed the benefits of diesel engines and cylinder deactivation technologies with disastrous results due to poor durability in the Oldsmobile diesels and drivability issues in the Cadillac V8-6-4 variable cylinder engines. In 1987, GM, in conjunction with AeroVironment, built the Sunraycer, which won the inaugural World Solar Challenge and was a showcase of advanced technology. Much of the technology from Sunraycer found its way into the Impact prototype electric vehicle (also built by Aerovironment) and was the predecessor to the General Motors EV1.
GM supported a compromise version of the Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standard increase from 27 mpg-US (8.7 L/100 km; 32 mpg-imp) to 35 mpg-US (6.7 L/100 km; 42 mpg-imp), the first such increase in over 20 years.
Hybrid electric initiative
Main article: Chevrolet Volt
Chevrolet Volt.
Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid 2009.
In May 2004, GM delivered the world's first full sized hybrid pickups, the 1/2-ton Silverado/Sierra. These hybrids did not use electrical energy for propulsion, like GM's later designs. In 2005, the Opel Astra diesel Hybrid concept vehicle was introduced. The 2006 Saturn Vue Green Line was the first hybrid passenger vehicle from GM and is also a mild design. GM has hinted at new hybrid technologies to be employed that will be optimized for higher speeds in freeway driving.
GM currently offers two types of hybrid systems. The first type, used in the Saturn Vue, Saturn Aura, and Chevrolet Malibu, is what GM calls the BAS Hybrid system a type of mild hybrid which was canceled in 2009. The second hybrid drive system, co-developed with Daimler AG and BMW, is called a "Two-Mode Hybrid". The two-mode is used by the Chevrolet Tahoe/GMC Yukon and will later be used on the Saturn Vue (cancelled), Cadillac Escalade, GM 1/2-ton pickups and possibly other vehicles.
GM's current hybrid electric models:
- 2009 Saturn Vue Green Line Hybrid (discontinued)
- 2009 Saturn Aura Green Line Hybrid (discontinued)
- 2009 GMC Yukon Hybrid
- 2009 Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid (discontinued)
- 2009 Chevrolet Tahoe Hybrid
- 2009 Cadillac Escalade Hybrid
- 2009 Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid
- 2009 GMC Sierra Hybrid
GM has recently introduced the concept cars Chevrolet Volt and Saturn Flextreme, which are electric vehicles with back-up generators, powered by gasoline, E85, or fuel cells. According to GM, a production Chevrolet Volt will be available by late 2010 as a 2011 model.
The GM Magic Bus is a hybrid powered bus.
GM sold 843 hybrids of all types during the first quarter of 2008, according to the industry newspaper . Compare that with Ford, which sold 5,225 hybrids during that time. CSM Worldwide, expects GM to seriously increase its hybrid output, turning the automaker into a serious contender within the next few years. He expects it to produce 40,000 to 50,000 hybrids this year, more than doubling last year's production.
All-electric vehicles
Main article: General Motors EV1
Electric car EV1 shown plugged into charging station
GM was the first American company (in the modern era) to release an all-electric automobile. In 1990, GM debuted the revolutionary "Impact" concept car at the Los Angeles Auto Show. It was the first car with zero-emissions marketed in the US in over three decades. The Impact was eventually produced as the EV1 for the 1996 model year. It was available through dealers located in only a few regions (e.g., California, Arizona, Georgia). Vehicles were leased, rather than sold, to individuals. In 1999 GM decided to cease production of the vehicles. When the individual leases had expired, they declined to renew the leases or allow the lessors to purchase them. All of the EV1's were eventually returned to General Motors and, with the exception of a few which were donated to museums, all were destroyed.
General Motors has announced that it is building a prototype two-seat electric vehicle with Segway. An early prototype of the Personal Urban Mobility and Accessibility vehicle—dubbed Project P.U.M.A. -- will be shown off in New York a day ahead of the press previews for the 2009 New York International Auto Show.
On September 16, 2008, as part of its 100th anniversary celebration, GM unveiled the "production" version of the Chevrolet Volt at the GM headquarters in Detroit.
Battery packs for electric vehicles
GM will build battery packs with LG Chem in Michigan. GM also plans to build an automotive battery laboratory in Michigan. GM will take full responsibility for all the battery management systems and power electronics. The company will build a new factory in Michigan, but a specific site has yet to be announced, in part because negotiations are ongoing with state and local authorities on the usual financial incentives and approvals. LG Chem's US subsidiary, Compact Power of Troy, Michigan, has been building the prototype packs for the development vehicles and will continue to provide integration support and act as a liaison for the program.
Hydrogen initiative
Sequel, a fuel cell-powered vehicle from GM.
GM has prided its research and prototype development of hydrogen powered vehicles, to be produced in early 2010, using a support infrastructure still in a prototype state. The economic feasibility of the technically challenging hydrogen car, and the low-cost production of hydrogen to fuel it, has also been discussed by other automobile manufacturers such as Ford and Chrysler.
In June 2007, Larry Burns, vice president of research and development, said he's not yet willing to say exactly when hydrogen vehicles will be mass produced, but he said it should happen before 2020, the year many experts have predicted. He said "I sure would be disappointed if we weren't there" before 2020.
Flexible-fuel vehicles
North American market
The E85, FlexFuel, Chevrolet Impala LT 2009.
GM produces several flexible-fuel vehicles that can operate on E85 ethanol fuel or gasoline, or any blend of both. Since 2006 GM started featuring a bright yellow gas cap to remind drivers of the E85 capabilities, and also using badging with the text "Flexfuel/E85 Ethanol" to clearly mark the car as an E85 FFV.
GM is the North American leader in E85 flex fuel vehicles, with over 3 million FlexFuel vehicles on the road in the U.S. As of 2009, GM offers 18 ethanol-enabled FlexFuel cars and trucks in the US, and produce more than one million new FlexFuel vehicles. GM's goal is to have half of their annual vehicle production be E85 or biodiesel capable by 2012.
Despite the significant amount of flex fuel vehicles sold in the US and Canada, the percentage of users actually using ethanol has been very low as many owners are not aware they owned an E85 flex or not enough E85 fueling stations are available nearby, except for the Corn Belt states, where there is a great concentration of E85 stations, as most corn ethanol is produced there. A 2005 survey found that 68% of American flex-fuel car owners were not aware they owned an E85 flex. Several critics have argued that GM and the other American automakers have been producing E85 flex models motivated by a loophole in the CAFE (Corporate Average Fuel Economy) requirements, that allows for a fuel economy credit for every flex-fuel vehicle sold, whether or not in practice these vehicles are fueled with E85. This loophole might have allowed the car industry to meet the CAFE targets in fuel economy just by spending between USD 100 to USD 200 that it cost to turn a conventional vehicle into a flex-fuel, without investing in new technology to improve fuel economy, and saving them the potential fines for not achieving that standard in a given model year.
Brazilian market
Brazilian Chevrolet Celta FlexPower.
GM's largest overseas subsidiary is General Motors do Brasil, which started producing flexible-fuel vehicles since its inception in the Brazilian market in 2003. Like other Brazilian flex-fuel vehicles, GM's flex fuel cars and light-duty trucks are optimized to run on any mix of E20-E25 gasoline and up to 100% hydrous ethanol fuel (E100). GM launched its first flex fuel in June 2003, the Chevrolet Corsa 1.8 FlexPower, just two months after the first flex car was launched by another Brazilian carmaker.
GM do Brasil also introduced the MultiPower engine in August 2004, which was capable of using natural gas (CNG), ethanol and gasoline (E20-E25 blend) as fuel, and it was used in the multifuel Chevrolet Astra 2.0 model 2005, aimed at the local taxi cab market. The Brazilian GM Powertrain unit also developed the EconoFlex technology, used for the first time in the Chevrolet Prisma 1.4, which allows the flex fuel engine to maximize fuel economy and power.
Due to the success and rapid consumer acceptance of the flex versions, GM sold 192,613 flex vehicles and 135,636 gasoline-powered automobiles in 2005, jumping to 501,681 flex-fuel vehicles, while only 949 cars and 6,834 light trucks powered by gasoline were sold in 2007, and reaching new car sales of 535.454 flex fuels in 2008, representing 97 percent of all cars and light duty trucks sold in that year.
Philanthropy
Since 1996, General Motors has been the exclusive source of funding for Safe Kids USA's "Safe Kids Buckle Up" program, a national initiative to ensure child automobile safety through education and inspection. Through 2002, the Pace Awards program led by GM, EDS, and SUN Microsystems, gave over $1.2 billion of in-kind contributions which includes computers to over 18 universities to support engineering education. In 2009, the GM led group has helped the Pace Awards program worldwide. General Motors is a leading contributor to charity. In 2004, GM gave $51,200,000 in cash contributions and $17,200,000 in-kind donations to charitable causes.
Politics
In the 2008 election cycle, General Motors contributed $802,414, with 52% of that amount going to the Democrats and 48% to the Republicans. GM's Saturn division put up a display at the 2009 Detroit Auto Show congratulating Barack Obama on his election as the first African-American president of the United States.
Environmental issues
In the middle of 1999, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) removed 23,000 cubic yards (18,000 m3) of contaminated sediments and soil from the General Motors site in Massena, New York for disposal at a licensed facility in Utah. The amount contained 13,000 cubic yards (9,900 m3) of contaminated sediments dredged from the St. Lawrence River. The sediments had been stored on the site since 1995. There was also 10,000 cubic yards (7,600 m3) of contaminated sludge from the active wastewater treatment plant on the General Motors property. The Political Economy Research Institute ranks GM 18th among corporations emitting airborne pollutants in the United States. The ranking is based on the emission quantity (8 million pounds in 2005) and toxicity.
In September 2006, the state of California filed suit against General Motors, Chrysler, Nissan, Toyota, Honda, and Ford. The companies were accused of producing cars that emitted over 289 million metric tons of carbon per year in the United States, accounting for nearly 20% of carbon emissions in the United States and 30% of carbon emissions in California. This lawsuit was dismissed by a judge in September 2007.
The Union of Concerned Scientists ranked General Motors as seventh out of the eight world's largest automakers in 2007 for environmental performance. The report noted that GM manufactured the most vehicles achieving 30 mpg-US (7.8 L/100 km; 36 mpg-imp) or better, but also the most vehicles under 15 mpg-US (16 L/100 km; 18 mpg-imp).
Brands
Current brands
| Marque | Years used | Markets |
|---|---|---|
 Buick |
1908–present | North America, China, Israel, Taiwan |
| Cadillac |
1909–present | Global (except South America, India, SE Asia, Australia) |
| GMC |
1912–present | North America, Middle East |
| Chevrolet |
1917–present | Global (except Australia) |
 Vauxhall |
1925–present | United Kingdom |
 Opel |
1929–present | China, Europe (except UK), Russia, South Africa, Middle East, Singapore |
 Holden |
1948–present | Australia, New Zealand, Middle East (not Kuwait), South Korea, South Africa, UK, Japan (by Autoprestige) |
 Daewoo |
2002–present | South Korea, Latin America, Europe |
Discontinued brands
Welch (1903–1911)- Rainier (1905–1911)
- Welch-Marquette (see Marquette)
- Cartercar (1905–1915)
- Elmore (1909–1912)
- Rapid Truck (1909–1912)
- Reliance Truck (1909–1912)
- Welch-Detroit (1910–1911)
- Marquette (1912)
- Peninsular (1912) (see Marquette)
- Samson Tractor (1917–1922)
- Scripps-Booth (1917–1923)
- Marquette (1930)
- Oakland (1909–1931)
- Viking (1929–1931)
- LaSalle (1927–1940)
McLaughlin (1918–1942)- Yellow Coach (1925–1943)
Beaumont (1966–1969)- Envoy (1960–1970)
- Acadian (1962–1971)
Ranger (1968–1976)- Bedford Vehicles (1929–1987)
- General Motors Diesel Division (1938–1987)
- Passport (1988–1991)
- Asüna (1993)
- Geo (1989–1997)
- Oldsmobile (1893–2004)
- Pontiac (1926–2010)
- Saturn (1985–2010)
- Hummer (1992–2010)
Sold brands
- Frigidaire (1919–1979), sold to Ohio-based White Consolidated Industries
- Lotus (1986–1993), sold to Luxembourgish A.C.B.N. Holdings S.A.
Saab (1989–2010), sold to Dutch supercar manufacturer Spyker Cars NV
Former affiliates
Fiat (2000–2005), GM owned 20% at one time with put option
Fuji Heavy Industries, manufacturer of Subaru (1999–2006), GM owned 20% at one time- Isuzu (1971–2006), GM owned 49% at one time
- Suzuki (1981–2008), GM owned over 20% at one time
Spin-offs
- GM Defense 1950–2003 was once part of General Motors Diesel Division and as General Dynamics Land Systems division of General Dynamics
- Electro Motive Division of General Motors was also once part of General Motors Diesel Division and now known as Electro-Motive Diesel
- Detroit Diesel sold to Penske Corporation; broken up and portion sold to the former Daimler-Chrysler AG (now Daimler AG); now part of Daimler AG
- Transit division was sold to Motor Coach Industries and Transportation Manufacturing Corporation
- RTS and Classic bus rights owned by MCI And TMC were sold off to Nova Bus; now produced by Millennium Transit Services
- Diesel Division of General Motors of Canada Limited spun off and later acquired by General Motors Canada as Diesel Division of General Motors of Canada Limited
- EDS – Electronic Data Systems
- Hughes Electronics (Now The DirecTV Group[Liberty Media])
- 1999 GM spun off its parts making operations as Delphi
See also
- Automotive industry
- History of General Motors
- General Motors Chapter 11 reorganization
People
- Wayne Cherry
- John DeLorean
- Pierre S. du Pont
- William C. Durant
- Harley Earl
- Robert Lutz
- Irving Jacob Reuter
- Alfred P. Sloan
- Ray G. Young
Books and films
- – 1985 Canadian TV documentary that shows the 1984 GM contract negotiations that resulted in the union split of the Canadian arm of the UAW.
- – 1989 American documentary film directed by independent filmmaker/author Michael Moore (his first). The film criticizes General Motors for closing down its factories in Moore's home-town of Flint, Michigan, despite record profits. After many Flint residents lose jobs at GM, Moore claims, the town descends into economic chaos.
- – 2006 documentary film written and directed by Chris Paine that explores the creation, limited commercialization, and subsequent destruction of the battery electric vehicle in the U.S., specifically the General Motors EV1 of the 1990s.
Industry associations
- Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers
- United States Council for Automotive Research
Competitions
- EcoCAR
Lists
- List of GM engines
- List of GM factories
- List of GM platforms
- List of GM transmissions
Category
- GM vehicles by brand
Lawsuits
- GM Instrument Cluster Settlement
Further reading
- Articles
- "G.M.’s Road From Prosperity to Crisis". . May 31, 2009. http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2009/05/31/business/20090531_GM_TIMELINE.html. Retrieved June 1, 2009.
- Bunkley, Nick (undated). "Automotive Industry Crisis". . http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/subjects/c/credit_crisis/auto_industry/index.html. Retrieved june 1 2009.
- Books
- Barabba, Vincent P. (2004). . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195171419. OCLC 474580094.
- Chandler, Alfred D., Jr. (1964). . New York: Harcourt, Brace & World. ISBN 9780405133497. OCLC 63017200.
- Cray, Ed (1980). . New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 9780070134935. OCLC 6223723.
- Farber, David R. (2002). . Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226238043. OCLC 49558636.
- Gustin, Lawrence R. (2008) [1973]. . Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 9780472033027. OCLC 179794253.
- Halberstam, David (1986). . A Thomas Congdon book. New York: Morrow. ISBN 9780688048389. OCLC 246158814.
- Keller, Maryann (1989). . New York: Morrow. ISBN 9780688075279. OCLC 423222597.
- Kimes, Beverly Rae (editor) (1989). . Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-111-0.
- Leslie, Stuart W. (1983). . New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231056007. OCLC 8845819.
- Maxton, Graeme P.; Wormald, John (2004). . Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521837156. OCLC 54826137.
- Maynard, Micheline (2003). . New York: Currency/Doubleday. ISBN 9780385507691. OCLC 52623614.
- Pelfrey, William (2006). . New York: AMACOM. ISBN 9780814408698. OCLC 61362777.
- Rae, John Bell (1965). . The Chicago history of American civilization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. OCLC 236834.
- Sloan, Alfred P., Jr. (1990) [1963]. McDonald, John; Stevens, Catharine. eds. . New York: Doubleday/Currency. ISBN 9780385042352. OCLC 21376376.
- Weisberger, Bernard A. (1979). . Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN 9780316928748. OCLC 5736758.
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Categories: General Motors | Automotive transmission makers | Battery electric vehicle manufacturers | Car manufacturers of the United States | Companies based in Detroit, Michigan | Companies established in 1908 | Companies formerly listed on the London Stock Exchange | Companies that have filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy | Electric vehicle manufacturers | Former components of the DJIA | Hybrid electric bus manufacturers | Motor vehicle manufacturers based in Michigan | Re-established companies | Motor vehicle manufacturers of the United States | Holding companies