Kaluga
Kaluga
| Kaluga (English) Калуга (Russian) |
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| - City - | |
 Location of Kaluga Oblast in Russia |
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 Kaluga
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| Coordinates: 54°33′N 36°17′E / 54.55°N 36.283°ECoordinates: 54°33′N 36°17′E / 54.55°N 36.283°E | |
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| City Day | Second Saturday of September |
| Administrative status | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Kaluga Oblast |
| Administrative center of | Kaluga Oblast |
| Municipal status | |
| Urban okrug | Kaluga Urban Okrug |
| City Head | Nikolay Lyubimov |
| Representative body | City Duma |
| Statistics | |
| Population (2010 Census, preliminary) |
325,185 inhabitants |
| - Rank in 2010 | 55th |
| Population (2002 Census) | 334,751 inhabitants |
| - Rank in 2002 | 53rd |
| Time zone | MSD (UTC+04:00) |
| Founded | 1371 |
| Postal code(s) | 248xxx |
| Dialing code(s) | +7 4842 |
| Official website | |
Kaluga (Russian: Калу́га) is a city and the administrative center of Kaluga Oblast, Russia, located on the Oka River 150 kilometers (93 mi) southwest of Moscow. Population: 325,185 (2010 Census preliminary results); 334,751 (2002 Census); 311,319 (1989 Census). It is served by Kaluga Grabtsevo Airport.
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History
Kaluga was founded in the mid-14th century as a border fortress on the southwestern borders of the Muscovy. It was first mentioned by its present name in 1371. In the Middle Ages, Kaluga was a minor settlement owned by the Princes Vorotynsky. The ancestral home of these princes is located south-west from the modern city.
Kaluga is connected to Moscow by a railway line and the ancient roadway, the Kaluga road (now partly within Moscow (as Starokaluzhskoye Shosse), partly the A101 road). This road was the favoured escape route from the Moscow trap for Napoleon in the fall of 1812. But General Kutuzov repelled Napoleon's advances in this direction and forced the retreating French army onto the old Smolensk road, previously devastated by the French during their invasion of Russia.
Kaluga was occupied by the Nazi armies in 1941. In 1944 the Soviet Government used its local military buildings to intern hundreds of Polish POW - soldiers of the Polish Underground Home Army, who were arrested by advancing Soviet front in the Vilno district.
Kaluga is known for its most famous resident, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, a rocket science pioneer who worked here as a school teacher. The Tsiolkovsky museum in Kaluga is dedicated to his theoretical achievements and their practical implementations for modern space research, hence the motto on the city's coat of arms: "The Cradle of Space Exploration".
Economy
In recent years Kaluga has become one of the centers of the Russian automotive industry, with a number of foreign companies opening assembly plants in the area.
On November 28, 2007, Volkswagen Group opened a new assembly plant in Kaluga, with further expansion plans planned to be completed by, or during, 2009. The investment has reached more than 500 million Euro. The plant currently assembles the Volkswagen Passat and Škoda Octavia. Planned annual capacity from 2009: up to 150,000 vehicles.
On October 15, 2007, the Volvo Group broke ground on a new truck assembly plant, scheduled to be finished in early 2009.[dated info] Once completed the plant is expected to have yearly capacity of 10,000 Volvo and 5,000 Renault trucks.
On December 12, 2007, PSA Peugeot Citroën announced its decision to build a new assembly plant in Kaluga. By March 2010 the plant was operational, building Peugeot 308s for the Russian market and would also produce Citroen and Mitsubishi models.
Transport
Public transportation is represented by the trolleybuses, buses, and marshrutkas.
Notable people
- Aleksandr Amfiteatrov
- Yuri Averbakh
- Mykola Azarov
- Pafnuty Chebyshev, mathematician.
- Alexander Chizhevsky
- David Edelstadt
- Alexander Gretchaninov, Russian-American composer
- Jonah of Manchuria
- Andrei Kalaychev
- Valery Kobelev, Ski jumper.
- Vadim Kosmatschof (born in 1938 in Kaluga), sculptor and painter
- Mikhail Linge
- Pavel Popovich Cosmonaut, only person to receive two honorary citizenships of Kaluga (1962 and 1964)
- Nikolai Rakov
- Imam Shamil
- Nikolay Skvortsov, swimmer
- Yuliya Tabakova
- Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
- Georgy Zhukov
- Olesya Zykina
International relations
Twin towns/sister cities
Kaluga is twinned with:
See also
- Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics
- ^ a b О Калуге, Официальный сайт Городской Управы г. Калуга (Russian)
- ^ a b Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2011). "Предварительные итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2010 года (Preliminary results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2010). Federal State Statistics Service. http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/results-inform.php. Retrieved 2011-04-25.
- ^ a b Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)" (in Russian). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002). Federal State Statistics Service. http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/doc/1_TOM_01_04.xls. Retrieved 2010-03-23.
- ^ Правительство Российской Федерации. Постановление №725 от 31 августа 2011 г. «О составе территорий, образующих каждую часовую зону, и порядке исчисления времени в часовых зонах, а также о признании утратившими силу отдельных Постановлений Правительства Российской Федерации». Вступил в силу по истечении 7 дней после дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Российская Газета", №197, 6 сентября 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Resolution #725 of August 31, 2011 On the Composition of the Territories Included into Each Time Zone and on the Procedures of Timekeeping in the Time Zones, as Well as on Abrogation of Several Resolutions of the Government of the Russian Federation. Effective as of after 7 days following the day of the official publication).
- ^ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров. (All Union Population Census of 1989. Present population of union and autonomous republics, autonomous oblasts and okrugs, krais, oblasts, districts, urban settlements, and villages serving as district administrative centers.)" (in Russian). Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (All-Union Population Census of 1989). Demoscope Weekly (website of the Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics. 1989. http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus89_reg.php. Retrieved 2010-03-23.
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- ^ New Volvo Group assembly plant in Kaluga, Volvo Group corporate news, October 15, 2007
- ^ PSA Peugeot Citroën to Build Plant in Kaluga, Russia, PSA Peugeot Citroën press release, December 12, 2007
- ^ RIA Novosti 26 March 2010
- ^ "Ими гордится Калуга ("They Bring Pride to Kaluga")" (in Russian). Kaluga: Office of the Affairs of the Mayor of Kaluga. http://www.kaluga-gov.ru/index.php?do=cat&category=imi_gorditsja_kaluga. Retrieved 2009-10-01.
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