Erkelenz

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Erkelenz

Erkelenz
Old town hall in Erkelenz
Old town hall in Erkelenz
Coat of arms of Erkelenz
Erkelenz is located in Germany
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Erkelenz
Coordinates 51°05′N 6°19′E / 51.08333°N 6.31667°E / 51.08333; 6.31667
Administration
Country Germany
State North Rhine-Westphalia
Admin. region Cologne
District Heinsberg
Town subdivisions 9
Mayor Peter Jansen (CDU)
Basic statistics
Area 117.35 km2 (45.31 sq mi)
Elevation 92 m  (302 ft)
Population 44,457 (31 December 2010)
 - Density 379 /km2 (981 /sq mi)
Other information
Time zone CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Licence plate HS
Postal code 41812
Area code 02431
Website www.erkelenz.de
Early spring at the Erkelenz Market. View of St. Lambert's Church and the Old Town Hall.

Erkelenz is a town in the Rhineland (Germany) that lies 15 km (9 mi) southwest of Mönchengladbach on the northern edge of the Cologne Lowland, halfway between the Lower Rhine region and the Lower Meuse. It is a medium-sized town (over 44,000) and the largest in the district of Heinsberg in North Rhine-Westphalia.

Despite the town having more than 1,000 years of history and tradition, in 2006 the eastern part of the borough was cleared to make way for the Garzweiler II brown coal pit operated by RWE Power. This is planned to be in operation until 2045. Over five thousand people from ten villages have had to be resettled as a result. Since 2010, the inhabitants of the easternmost village of Pesch have left and most have moved to the new villages of Immerath and Borschemich in the areas of Kückhoven and Erkelenz-Nord.

Contents

Geography

The Erkelenz countryside near Lövenich

Landscape

The area is characterised by the gently rolling to almost level countryside of the Jülich-Zülpich Börde, whose fertile loess soils are predominantly used for agriculture. Settlements and roads cover about 20 per cent of the area of the borough and only 2 per cent is wooded. The Wahnenbusch, the largest contiguous wooded area, is located south of the town of Tenholt and covers 25 hectares (62 acres). In the north the börde gives way to the forests and waterways of the Schwalm-Nette-Plateau, part of the Lower Rhine Plain. In the west on the far side of the town, lies the Rur depression, some 30 to 60 metres lower (100 to 200 ft). Its transition is part of the Baal Riedelland. Here, streams have created a richly varying landscape of hills and valleys. In the east is the source region of the River Niers near Kuckum and Keyenberg. To the south the land climbs up towards the Jackerath loess ridge. The lowest point lies at 70 metres (230 ft) above sea level (NN) (Niers region in the northeast and near the Ophover Mill in the southwest) and the highest point is 110 metres (361 ft) above NN (on the boundary of the borough near Holzweiler/Immerath in the south).

Climate

The climate is influenced by the Atlantic Gulf Stream at the crossover between maritime and continental climates. The prevailing winds are from the southwest and there is precipitation all year round. Annual precipitation amounts to about 710 millimetres (28 in), whereby August is the wettest and September the driest month. Summers are warm and winters mild. In July the average temperature is 19 °C (66 °F) and, in January, 3 °C (37 °F). The length of the cold season with a minimum temperature below 0 °C (32 °F) is less than 60 days, the number of summer's days with temperatures above 25 °C (77 °F) averages 30, with an additional eight "tropical" days with daytime temperatures of more than 30 °C (86 °F) and night temperatures over 20 °C (68 °F), and there are an average of 20 days of thunderstorms. The onset of spring, which is reckoned from the budding of cherry, apple and pear trees, occurs between 29 April and 5 May. High summer, which begins with the harvest of winter rye, starts between 10 and 16 July.

Climate data for Erkelenz
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Daily mean °F 37.2 38.5 43.9 50.4 57.4 64.6 67.5 66 60.1 52.2 45.7 38.7 51.83
Precipitation inches 1.98 2.37 1.807 1.827 2.693 2.413 2.811 3.303 1.335 2.705 2.323 2.374 27.941
Daily Mean °C 2.9 3.6 6.6 10.2 14.1 18.1 19.7 18.9 15.6 11.2 7.6 3.7 11.02
Precipitation mm 50.3 60.2 45.9 46.4 68.4 61.3 71.4 83.9 33.9 68.7 59.0 60.3 709.7
Source: Erkelenz Weather Station, 2002 to 2006 data

Geology

The Erkelenz Börde is the northernmost extent of the Jülich Börde and is formed from a loess plateau that has an average thickness of over eleven metres in this area. Beneath it are the gravels and sands of the main ice age terrace, laid down by the Rhine and the Meuse. Embedded in the loess in places are lenses of marl that were mined until the 20th century in order to obtain lime by driving shafts and galleries underground. In the Tertiary period the Erkelenz horst was formed along geological fault lines. East of the horst runs the Venlo fault block (Scholle), to the west is the Rur Scholle, to the south the Erft Scholle and the Jackerath Horst. A small section of the horst is part of the Wassenberg Horst. Thick seams of brown coal from the Tertiary and of black coal from the Carboniferous are located underground. The Erkelenz Horst is part of the Cologne Lowland Earthquake Region.

Borough

The town's administrative territory, or borough, is 20 kilometres (12 mi) across from east to west and 11 km (6.8 mi) from north to south. Its neighbouring administrative units, clockwise from the north, are:

  • Town of Wegberg (8 km or 5 mi north, Heinsberg district)
  • Independent town of Mönchengladbach, (15 km northeast)
  • Municipality of Jüchen (14 km or 8.7 mi east, Rhein-Kreis Neuss district)
  • Municipality of Titz (12 km or 7.5 mi southeast, Düren district)
  • Town of Linnich (11 km southwest, Düren district)
  • Town of Hückelhoven (7 km west, Heinsberg district)
  • Town of Wassenberg (11 km northwest, Heinsberg district)
Eastern villages that are to give way to the Garzweiler II open-cast coal mine.

The town of Erkelenz emerged in its present configuration as a result of the Aachen land reform bill of 21 December 1971 (the Aachen-Gesetz). According to this law inter alia the former districts of Erkelenz and Geilenkirchen-Heinsberg were to be merged on 1 January 1972. Erkelenz lost its status as the county town to Heinsberg and was amalgamated with the municipalities of Borschemich, Gerderath, Golkrath, Granterath, Holzweiler, Immerath, Keyenberg, Kückhoven, Lövenich, Schwanenberg and Venrath, as well as the parishes of Geneiken and Kuckum. The area of its borough increased from 25.22 to 117.45 square kilometres (9.7 to 45.3 sq mi).

According to the law, the borough of Erkelenz is divided into nine districts with a total of 46 villages and hamlets (population as at 31 October 2009):

  • District 1: Erkelenz with the villages of Oestrich and Buscherhof as well as Borschemich, Borschemich (new), Bellinghoven and Oerath, a total of 20,173 inhabitants
  • District 2: Gerderath with Fronderath, Gerderhahn, Moorheide and Vossem, a total of 5,179 inhabitants
  • District 3: Schwanenberg with Geneiken, Genfeld, Genhof, Grambusch and Lentholt, a total of 2,265 inhabitants
  • District 4: Golkrath with Houverath, Houverather Heide, Hoven and Matzerath, a total of 2,039 inhabitants
  • District 5: Granterath and Hetzerath with Commerden, Genehen, Scheidt and Tenholt, a total of 3,488 inhabitants
  • District 6: Lövenich with Katzem and Kleinbouslar, a total of 4,147 inhabitants
  • District 7: Kückhoven, a total of 2,250 inhabitants
  • District 8: Keyenberg and Venrath with Berverath, Etgenbusch, Kaulhausen, Kuckum, Mennekrath, Neuhaus, Oberwestrich, Terheeg, Unterwestrich and Wockerath, a total of 3,468 inhabitants
  • District 9: Holzweiler and Immerath (new) with Lützerath and Pesch, a total of 2,372 inhabitants

Coat of arms

The coat of arms is parted horizontally. The upper part is blue, and contains the golden lion of the duchy of Guelders (Geldern). In the silver (white) lower part is a red medlar, also called rose of Geldern. The coat of arms shows the centuries old connection to the duchy. The colours from the shield became the colours of the city: blue and white.

History

Pre- and early history

There have been discoveries of Old and New Stone Age flint-knapping sites across the whole of the present area of the borough. Near Haberg House, north of Lövenich, there is a site of national renown. Near Kückhoven a wooden well was discovered in 1990 that belonged to a settlement of the Linear Pottery culture and had been built around 5,100 B.C. This makes it one of the oldest wooden structures in the world. North of the old village of Erkelenz, on the present day Mary Way (Marienweg), lay three cremation graves (Brandgräber), northwest to south of numerous fields of rubble. Roman bricks, hypocaust bricks and shards come from the marketplace south of the town hall. Here in the southwest corner and east of the chancel of the Roman Catholic parish church there are urn graves enclosed by glacial erratics of the early Frankish period from 300 to 500 A.D. On the south and southeast edge of the market, round jars were also found in the style of Badorf ceramics from Carolingian times. In 1906 a Roman Jupiter Column from the beginning of the 3rd century A.D. was discovered in Kleinbouslar. The Erkelenz chronicler Mathias Baux wrote in the 16th century that "the bushes in the middle period were cleared and the soil turned into fertile fields, so that out of the harsh wilderness a corn-rich land and overall a breezy paradise was established." From Mathias Baux's perspective, the middle period was the 8th century, which corresponds to the emergence of the Carolingian Empire. Under the present-day Catholic church lay Frankish and medieval graves without any grave goods as well as broken pieces of Badorf Ceramic and Roman bricks.

"Herkelens" around 1560. The map by Jacob van Deventer shows the layout of streets in the town centre - still largely preserved - with the town defences, town hall and church

Origin of the name

The overwhelming theory is that the name Erkelenz belongs to the group of Gallo-Romance -(i)acum placenames. According to this view the name of the town, which first appears in the records in a document dating to 966 A.D. sealed by Otto the Great as herclinze, comes from fundus herculentiacus: Herculentian estate (Estate of Herculentius). From the original adjectival character of the personal name the neuter noun Herculentiacum developed. However a continuity of settlement from Roman to Frankish times cannot be proven. As a result it is also postulated that the name does not have Roman, but Old High German origins, according to which the word linta = lime tree. In 1118 A.D. the name of the place finally appears as Erkelenze.

Manorialism

On 17 January 966, St. Mary's Abbey in Aachen (Marienstift zu Aachen) was given inter alia the settlements of Erkelenz and its neighbour, Oestrich, in the County of Eremfried in the Mühlgau as part of an exchange with the Lotharingian Count Immo. Emperor Otto the Great confirmed this exchange in the aforementioned deed at an imperial diet (Hoftag) in Aachen. From then on the abbey was the owner of the entire estate in Erkelenz and the surrounding villages with the proviso that territorial lordship was exercised by the count. Later the estates owned by the abbey were divided between the provost and chapter. The farms were not managed independently, but were leased. Not until 1803 did the abbey lose these rights of ownership, when France introduced secularisation into the Rhineland.

Coat of arms of the town of Erkelenz from the chronicle of Mathias Baux, 1562

Town rights

Erkelenz received its town rights in 1326 from Count Reginald II of Guelders, as can be read in the town chronicle by Matthias Baux. But no deed granting town rights exists, which is why it has been suggested that there was no fixed date but, instead, a long drawn-out process of becoming a town over many years that may have dragged on into the 14th century. However, against that is the fact that there is a jury seal dating to the year 1331, and that Erkelenz appears on the Guelders urban diet on 1 December 1343. In 1359 Erkelenz is described in a document as a Guelders town and bears the Guelders lions and rose on its seal and coat of arms.

Territorial lordship

From the end of the 11th century the counts of Guelders, the first being Gerard III of Wassenberg, also known as Gerard I of Guelders, also possessed the lordship in Erkelenz. They were advocates appointed by the Holy Roman Empire and exercise jurisdiction, trade protection and military command. In 1339 Emperor Louis the Bavarian elevated Guelders to a dukedom, under Rainald II, that was divided into four "quarters" (Quartiere). Erkelenz and its surrounding villages belonged to the upper quarter (Oberquartier) of Guelders with its main centre at Roermond and was an exclave of Guelders within the Duchy of Jülich. It formed the Amt of Erkelenz, together with the non-isolated villages of Wegberg, Krüchten and Brempt, headed by the Amtmann (Drossard).

The town's constitution and administration was consistent with those of the other towns in Guelders. Seven magistrates (Schöffen) who, like the mayors, had to possess wealth in the town or the county, and ten common councillors put forward two candidates for the office of town mayor (Stadtbürgermeister) and two for that of county mayor (Landbürgermeister) for a period of office of one year, but they were elected only by the magistrates, who actually ran the administration of the town, whilst the council only fulfilled representative functions.

Guelders stately castle (Landesburg) from the year 1349
Im Pangel street

Soon after its elevation to town status, work began on the brick fortifications of the place. These probably consisted of basic ramparts as had been common since time immemorial for the defence of settlements, which had been started in the 11th century. Although the castle was not documented until 1349, the town appeared to have developed under the protection of the castle along the Pangel, the oldest mentioned street (in deme Pandale, 1398) which was in its immediate vicinity. The nearby Johannismarkt (alder mart, 1420) and the more distant square known today simply as Markt ("market"), then referred to as the niewer mart (1480), were also mentioned. In addition the castle had clearly been built within the town walls, so that it must have been there at least when town rights were granted in 1326. It is also hardly likely that an undefended place would have been elevated to the status of a town. Finally, the first and strongest town gateway, the Brück Gate (Brücktor, on Brückstraße) was built in 1355 on the Cologne Military Road (Kölner Heerbahn) that came from Roermond to Erkelenz and ran along the Theodor-Körner Road, Mühlenstraße and Wockerath to Cologne.

In a feud between Edward of Guelders, who was a son of Duke Reginald II and adversary of his elder brother, Reginald III, Count Engelbert III of the Mark conquered the now insufficiently fortified town in 1371 and partly destroyed it. The childless Edward fell in the same year on the battlefield of Baesweiler fighting on the side of his brother in law, Duke William II of Jülich, against Duke Wenceslaus I of Brabant. When in that year his brother, Rainald III, also died without issue, fighting broke out repeatedly over the inheritance and possession of the Duchy of Guelders under which Erkelenz, as an exclave of Guelders in the state of Jülich, suffered particularly severely from the burdens of war, quartering of soldiers, robbery and plundering.

The construction of fortifications at Erkelenz was brought forward to meet the strategic requirements of its local lords. Built in 1416 under Reginald IV of Guelders, opposite the Brück Gate (Brücktor) on the other side of town, was the Maar Gate (Maartor, Aachener Strasse), which faced the Jülich, south of the town. In 1423, the Duchy of Guelders, and thus the town of Erkelenz, fell to Arnold of Egmond, and, in 1425, to Adolphus of Jülich-Berg. After his nephew and successor, Gerhard II of Jülich-Berg had defeated Arnold of Egmond in the Battle of Linnich, the Oerath Gate (Oerather Tor, Roermonder Straße)) was completed in 1454, that faced Roermond. Despite the increasing cost of work on the fortifications, the town was able to afford it. In 1458 it immediately started work on a new bell tower, that has survived until today, after the tower of the old Romanesque church had collapsed.

The Guelders exclave of Erkelenz in the manuscript atlas by Christian Sgrothen, before 1573

In 1473 the town came into the possession of Charles the Bold of Burgundy who, whilst at war against Lorraine in 1476, personally accepted the homage of the townsfolk of Erkelenz. In 1481 the town fell to Maximilian I of Austria and, in 1492, to the son of Arnold of Egmond, Charles of Egmond, who also presented himself personally in the same year at Erkelenz. At that time the fortress of Erkelenz was so strong that Maximilian I instructed the Dukes of Jülich and Kleve, who were allied with him against Guelders, not to engage in a bombardment of the town, but to take them with the aid of storming bridges (Sturmbrücken). Using that method, an army of 3000 foot soldiers and 1,000 horse under William IV of Jülich took them by surprise in August 1498. In 1500 the town fell again to Charles of Egmont, so that in 1514 the gate opposite the Oerath Gate opposite the Bellinghoven Gate (Bellinghovener Tor, Kölner Straße) was built, which sealed a gap facing Julich. There were 14 defensive towers in the town wall with its four gate castles (Torburgen) and, in front of it was a second wall, separated by a moat. The town was thus considered impregnable.

In 1538 Guelders fell to William of Jülich, Cleves and Berg During that period the great town fire of 1540 occurred on 21 June of that year. The fire broke out during a summer heatwave, almost entirely razing the town apart from few houses by the Brück Gate and on Maarstraße. Help came from the neighbouring Guelders towns of Roermond and Venlo. Emperor Charles V who, in 1543, following the capture of Düren and Julich during his march on Roermond with a 30,000 strong army, stayed personally in Erkelenz. ended the Guelders succession wars at the Treaty of Venlo. The town now ended up, together with the Duchy of Guelders, under to the Spanish House of Habsburg and was part of the Spanish Netherlands, then the richest country in Europe. So, for example, the town was able, as the inscription on a rock near the entrance testifies, to replace the destroyed town hall as early as 1546 with a new building that is still standing.

Siege of Erkelenz during the War of the Jülich succession in 1610

Chronological summary

  • 966: Erkelenz was first mentioned in a document as Herclinze, 1118 as Erkelenze.
  • 1326: Erkelenz received town rights from the count of Guelders. (1339 the noble man became duke.) The area of Erkelenz was an exclave of the duchy of Guelders in the duchy of Jülich. The town belonged to the Upper Quarter Roermond.
  • 1543: The Spanish Netherlands (Spanish Habsburg) got Erkelenz.
  • 1713: After the War of the Spanish succession the duke of Jülich, who was also prince of palatine (Pfalz-Neuburg) received the town.
  • 1794: France invaded the area, Erkelenz belonged to this state and became the capital of the district Canton Erkelenz in the Roer département.
  • 1815: After the defeat of Napoleon Erkelenz became part of Prussia. The district was now called Kreis Erkelenz.
  • 1818/1819: The medieval walls and gates of the town were demolished.
  • 1897: The engineer Anton Raky established a drilling machine factory, today WIRTH Group.
  • 26 February 1945: Erkelenz was captured by the 407th infantry regiment of the U.S. 102nd Infantry Division (Ozarks), US Ninth Army.
  • 1945: The machine factory Hegenscheidt relocated from Ratibor to Erkelenz.
  • 1972: The district Kreis Erkelenz was abolished, it became part of the Kreis Heinsberg. The area of the town Erkelenz was enlarged from 25,3 km² to 117,35 km².

Twin towns

Saint-James in France, on the border between Brittany and Normandy, near to Mont St. Michel.

Education

In Erkelenz there are ten primary schools, two secondary schools (Hauptschule), 1 secondary modern school (Realschule), two high schools Cornelius-Burgh-Gymnasium, Cusanus Gymnasium), one business college (Berufskolleg des Kreises Heinsberg in Erkelenz) and one school for persons with learning disabilities.

Marketplace with Lambertus-Church.

Transportation

  • Motorway Bundesautobahn 46
  • Motorway Bundesautobahn 61
  • Erkelenz station on the Aachen–Mönchengladbach railway, operated by Deutsche Bahn

Buildings

  • Alte Rathaus - The old cityhall (1546 AD)
  • Kirchturm - The steeple of the catholic church St. Lambertus (1458 AD)
  • Burg - The castle (1377 AD)

Museum

There is a Fire-brigade museum in the village of Loevenich.

Notable residents

  • Leo Heinrichs (1867–1908), Roman Catholic priest of the Franciscan Order
  • Dickie Peterson (1946–2009), co-founder of heavy metal band Blue Cheer, who lived in Germany for extensive periods. Died in Erkelenz.
  • Lewis Holtby German footballer of English descent currently playing for FSV Mainz 05 on loan from Schalke 04.
  • Michael Bauer, the artist, was born here in 1973.

  1. ^ "Amtliche Bevölkerungszahlen" (in German). Landesbetrieb Information und Technik NRW. 31 December 2010. http://www.it.nrw.de/statistik/a/daten/amtlichebevoelkerungszahlen/index.html. 
  2. ^ Landesbetrieb Information und Technik Nordrhein-Westfalen (IT.NRW), Kommunalprofil Erkelenz [1]
  3. ^ Percentages are rounded off
  4. ^ Diercke, Weltatlas, Westermann Verlag, Brunswick 1957, p. 22 f.
  5. ^ Debra Zizkat and Hans-Wilhelm Cuber, Cusanus Gymnasium Erkelenz, Wetterstation Erkelenz/Haus Hohenbusch,
  6. ^ Hans Frohnhofen, Mergeln im Lövenicher Feld in: Heimatkalender der Erkelenzer Lande, Erkelenz 1959, p. 18 ff.
  7. ^ Martin Bünermann, Heinz Köstering: Die Gemeinden and Kreise nach der kommunalen Gebietsreform in Nordrhein-Westfalen. Deutscher municipality ofverlag, Cologne 14 September 2011, ISBN 3-555-30092-X.
  8. ^ "Gliederung der Stadt". Stadt Erkelenz. http://www.erkelenz.de/de/stadtportrait/Gliederung_der_Stadt/gliederung_der_stadt.html. Retrieved 2010-12-12. 
  9. ^ Jürgen Driehaus, Die urgeschichtliche Zeit im Landkreis Erkelenz, in: Heimatkalender der Erkelenzer Lande, Erkelenz 1967, pp. 105 ff.
  10. ^ a b Jürgen Weiner, Eine bandkeramische Siedlung mit Brunnen bei Erkelenz-Kückhoven, in: Schriften des Heimatvereins der Erkelenzer Lande, Vol. 12, Erkelenz 1992, pp. 17 ff.
  11. ^ a b Institut für geschichtliche Landeskunde der Rheinlande an der Universität Bonn, Rheinischer Städteatlas, III Nr. 15, Cologne 1976, p. 1
  12. ^ a b c d e f Josef Gaspers, Leo Sels et al. Geschichte der Stadt Erkelenz, Erkelenz, 1926, p. 2
  13. ^ K. Böhner et al., Früher Kirchenbau im Kreis Heinsberg, Museumsschriften des Kreises Heinsberg Band 8, Heinsberg 1987, pp. 206 ff.
  14. ^ Leo Gillessen, Zur Ortsnamen- und Siedlungskunde des Kreises Erkelenz (Part I) in: Heimatkalender der Erkelenzer Lande, Erkelenz 1967, p. 145. Derselbe Zur Ortsnamen- und Siedlungskunde des Kreises Erkelenz (Teil II) in: Heimatkalender der Erkelenzer Lande, Erkelenz 1968, p. 82
  15. ^ Paul ter Meer, Ortsnamen des Kreises Erkelenz - Ein Versuch zu ihrer Deutung, Erkelenz 1924, pp. 8 f.
  16. ^ Theodor Joseph Lacomblet, Urkundenbuch für die Geschichte des Niederrheins, Düsseldorf 1840, p. 63; Friedel Krings et al., 1000 Jahre Erkelenz, Ein Rückblick auf die 1000-Jahr-Feier, Erkelenz 1967, Vorspann, Kopial der Urkunde aus dem 13. Jahrhundert (at Commons); Theo Schreiber, Erkelenz - eine Stadt im Wandel der Geschichte in: Schriften des Heimatvereins der Erkelenzer Lande, Vol. 12, Erkelenz 1992, pp. 43 ff., weiteres Kopial der Urkunde
  17. ^ Josef Gaspers, Leo Sels et al., op. cit., pp. 13 f.
  18. ^ Friedel Krings, Zur geldrischen Geschichte der Stadt Erkelenz, in: Heimatkalender der Erkelenzer Lande, Erkelenz 1960, p. 53
  19. ^ Friedel Krings, op. cit., p. 54
  20. ^ Klaus Flink, Stadtwerdung und Wirtschaftskräfte in Erkelenz, Schriftenreihe der Stadt Erkelenz, Vol. 2, Cologne, 1976, pp. 8 f
  21. ^ Severin Corsten, Erkelenz erhält Stadtrechte, in: Studien zur Geschichte der Stadt Erkelenz vom Mittelalter bis zur frühen Neuzeit, Schriftenreihe der Stadt Erkelenz, Vol. 1, Cologne, 1976, pp. 137 ff
  22. ^ Josef Gaspers, Leo Sels, et al., op. cit., p. 4
  23. ^ Herbert Claessen, Hrsg. Geschichte der Erkelenzer Lande, Aus einem Vortag des Landrates Claessen im Jahre 1863, in: Schriften des Heimatvereins der Erkelenzer Lande, Band 20, Erkelenz 2006, p. 92.
  24. ^ a b c d e Meyers Konversations-Lexikon, 4th edition, Vol. 7, Leipzig and Vienna, 1890, pp. 52 f.
  25. ^ Friedel Krings, op. cit., p. 55
  26. ^ Josef Gaspers, Leo Sels et al., op. cit., p. 10
  27. ^ Josef Gaspers, Leo Sels et al., loco citato pp. 7 ff.
  28. ^ Josef Gaspers, Leo Sels et al., op. cit., p. 154.
  29. ^ Friedel Krings, Die mittelalterlichen Befestigungswerke der Stadt Erkelenz, in: Heimatkalender der Erkelenzer Lande, Erkelenz 1957, p. 57
  30. ^ Institut für geschichtliche Landeskunde der Rheinlande an der Universität Bonn, Rheinischer Städteatlas, III No. 15, Cologne, 1976, p. 3
  31. ^ Friedel Krings op. cit., p. 56
  32. ^ Edwin Pinzek, in: Bedeutende Bau- und Kunstwerke in Erkelenz, eine Reihe der Stadt Erkelenz
  33. ^ a b c d e Institut für geschichtliche Landeskunde der Rheinlande an der Universität Bonn, Rheinischer Städteatlas, III No. 15, Cologne, 1976, p. 4
  34. ^ Josef Gaspers, Leo Sels et al., op. cit., pages 4 ff, 104
  35. ^ Herbert Claessen, op. cit., p. 92
  36. ^ Josef Gaspers, Leo Sels et al., op. cit., pp. 5 f.
  37. ^ Herbert Claessen, op. cit., pp. 93 ff.
  38. ^ Josef Gaspers, Leo Sels et al., op. cit., pp. 6 f
  39. ^ Herbert Claessen, Weltgeschichte zu Gast in Erkelenz, in: Schriften des Heimatvereins der Erkelenzer Lande, Vol. 20, Erkelenz, 2006, pp. 144 f.
  40. ^ Josef Gaspers, Leo Sels et al. Geschichte der Stadt Erkelenz, Erkelenz, 1926, pp. 5
Towns and municipalities in Heinsberg (district)
Erkelenz | Gangelt | Geilenkirchen | Heinsberg | Hückelhoven | Selfkant | Übach-Palenberg | Waldfeucht | Wassenberg | Wegberg 
Coat of Arms of Heinsberg district

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